Fill in the blanks of Electric Traction.

1. In case of steam engines the steam pressure is 10 to 15 kg/cm².

2. Steam locomotives use double acting reciprocating engines.

3. The overall efficiency of a steam locomotive is _6_ to _8_ percent. 

4. Automating signal is used for suburban and urban electric trains.

5. Maintenance and repair cost of electric locomotives is less as compared to that of steam locomotives.

6. The coefficient of adhesion is better in electric traction than that in steam traction.

7. Initial expenditure in electric railway traction is more as compared to that in steam system.

8. The overhead capacity of a diesel engine is nearly 10 percent.

9. The breaking system used on steam locomotives is vacuum system.

10. The acceleration is constant during notching up.

11. During free run speed remains constant.

12. During coasting the speed of the train decreases.

13. During coasting the power supply is zero.

14. coasting period precedes braking.

15. Coasting is followed by braking.

16. Distance between stops / (Actual time of run + stop time ) is known as schedule speed.

17. The maximum speed attained by the vehicle during the run is known as crest speed.

18. Slipping will take place when tractive effort is crest maximum frictional force between the wheel and the track.

19. In electric traction the torque exerted is continuous and in steam traction it is pulsating.

20. Power output from the driving axles is tractive effort x speed.

21. The total weight of locomotive and train to be pulled by the locomotive is called dead weight.

22. Steep gradient will involve more energy consumption.

23. Accelerating weight is greater than the dead weight.

24. In main line service free running and coasting periods are longer whereas acceleration and braking periods are smaller.

25. Regenerative braking is more efficient and less complicated in dc system as compared to that with ac system.

26. Negative boosters have to be employed in DC traction system to confine ground currents to rails.

27. Neutral section of OHE is provided to avoid short circuiting of two live phase by the pantographs.

28. Single ended fair clay type pantograph is used in AC traction and diamond type pantograph is used in DC traction.

29. In ac traction, in order to confine the return current through the rails booster transformer are necessary.